Program of parental strengthening in contexts of social vulnerability: A proposal from the school environment

El trabajo que se informa destaca el rol relevante de la familia y del ejercicio adecuado de la parentalidad para el desarrollo humano. Dado que las competencias parentales estarían relacionadas con el contexto social, se describen las características de las familias en vulnerabilidad social, teniendo en cuenta los riesgos psicosociales a los que muchas veces están expuestas, las consideraciones culturales de lo que significa ser buenos padres y las propias experiencias de los progenitores o cuidadores en sus familias de origen. Se revisan diversas modalidades de programas de intervención familiar y parental, destacando la importancia del diseño, implementación y evaluación de estos programas en contextos de vulnerabilidad social. En este marco, y considerando que en Argentina existe un escaso desarrollo de programas de apoyo a las familias socialmente vulnerables, se presenta una propuesta de intervención aplicable en el ámbito escolar y dirigida a fortalecer las competencias parentales. El programa propuesto, basado en el enfoque de la parentalidad positiva, integra elementos de los modelos de intervención educativo y comunitario, ya que se implementa en forma grupal, mediante encuentros expositivo-participativos y en coordinación con la escuela a la que asisten los hijos de los beneficiarios. Como conclusión y en función de la experiencia obtenida por las interventoras y la observada en las madres participantes, se presenta una reflexión sobre las contribuciones de la intervención propuesta y los desafíos pendientes para futuras aplicaciones del programa.This study stresses the significant role of the family and a proper parenting performance for human development. Parenting in itself is very complex, since it demands a balanced combination of several essential factors such as affection, communication, discipline, and the autonomy granted to children. Given the fact that parentalskills would be related to a specific social context, a description of the characteristics of families in situations of social vulnerability is provided. Likewise, it is noteworthy that parenting development would depend on those cultural considerationsimplicated in the concept of being good parents, and the parents or caregivers’own experiences of upbringing, temperament and resilience. Subsequently, the main modalities of family intervention programs are reviewed, highlighting the importance of design, implementation and evaluation of the former in contexts of social vulnerability. Within this framework, and considering that inArgentine there are very few programssupporting familiesin social vulnerability, the main aim of this research is to present an intervention proposal to strengthen parenting skills applicable in the school setting. The proposed program, which is based in the approach of positive parenting, integrates elements from educational and community intervention models, since it is performed in groups, by means of participative and expositive meetings and in coordination with the school attended by the children of the project participants. The proposed intervention was based on two basic areas: (a) direct intervention for parents: the promotion of parenting skills (i.e., attachment, parental empathy, parenting style, positive communication and support networks) and (b) indirect intervention for children: training parents in strategies to promote children’s development ofsocio-emotional resources(e.g., positive emotions, prosocial behavior, etc.). The intervention was carried out in a school within a context of social vulnerability in the province of Entre Ríos (Argentina). The organization of the meetings was conducted by an interdisciplinary team (i.e., psychologists and educational psychologists). The topics addressed were agreed with the participants based on their interests and needs; a total amount of 30 meetings of 60 to 90 minutes each were carried out. The themes were as follows: parental and child self-esteem, appropriate expression of affection, positive communication and conflict resolution, positive emotions, the strengthening of cognitive resources, prosocial behavior, social skills, family, parental and child resilience, social support networksto families and family-schoolrelationships. The main approach tech-niques used were: (a) information exposure, (b) peers' feedback and co-reflection, (c) modeling of attitudes and alternative behaviors, (d) task assignments and proposals for action, and (e) interviews after workshops. The research findings are related to those found by other intervention programs made with parents and caregivers in other countries. These preliminary results show that parenting skills, the type of relationship and even the attachment with the children could be modified through the implementation of programs of parental strengthening. Furthermore, the results showed that the program could also help to improve family-school relationships. In some cases, the intervention implemented aroused the interest of the participants in the schooling situation of their children, and at the same time it improved the communication among parents, teachers, and the people in charge of the school. The exploratory results of this proposal of intervention clearly show the need to support and implement these specific kinds of programs, which aim to strengthen the resources of parenting skills and encourage a healthy development of children. Based on the experience got from interventionists and participating mothers, a final consideration about the contributions of the proposed intervention and the possible future challenges observed after the implementation of the program is presented.Fil: Vargas Rubilar, Jael Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Lemos, Viviana Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Richaud, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; Argentin

Preliminary study of a digital measure of attachment for children from 9 to 12 years old

The objective of the present work is to develop an attachment test in a digital form. The child is presented with five conflictingstories that he/she must complete. It is assumed that the unique mode of resolution of the story will identify the mental model of thechild´s attachment relationships. Five conflicting stories were prepared with female characters and four with male characters: thefirst proof story about the difficulty facing an exam, the second about bullying, the third about a bicycle accident, the fourth aboutfeeling sick at a friend´s house, and the fifth about getting lost in a shopping. The test was administered to a sample of 120 childrenaged 9 to 12, of both sexes, who attended primary schools, in the City of Buenos Aires, individually, and on Android Tablet support.The reliability among judges reaches an agreement of .97 (avoidant attachment), .84 (ambivalent anxious attachment) and .90 (secure attachment). Convergent validity analysis between the digital attachment test and the questionnaire by Finzi., et al. [1,2] indicated an r = .489 between secure attachment, according to the Finzi., et al. and the digital test, and r = .633 and r = .480, for avoidantand anxious/ambivalent attachment, respectively, between the two attachment tests. An attachment digital method was developedthat has been motivating and natural for children in middle and late childhood. The validity of the test is adequate but it remains tobe used with clinical groups.Fil: Richaud, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Centro Historico Adventista.; ArgentinaFil: Lemos, Viviana Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Centro Historico Adventista.; ArgentinaFil: Bei, Elsa Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Centro Historico Adventista.; ArgentinaFil: Vargas Rubilar, Jael Alejandra. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Centro Historico Adventista.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; Argentin

Diferencias de género en las barreras para la práctica de actividad física y deportiva en personas adultas con discapacidad

La comunicación presenta parte de los resultados del estudio DEP2010-19801 del Plan Nacional I+D+i. El menor acceso a la práctica deportiva de las personas con discapacidad (55.6% no practicantes) hace necesaria la investigación de las barreras para la práctica de las personas adultas españolas con discapacidad

Cultural Aspects of Offering Pacifier to Children

ResumoIntrodução: Um objeto ou fenômeno cultural expressa a experiência histórica de muitas gerações precedentes. O uso de chupetas pelas crianças tem gerado muitos debates do ponto de vista biológico, entretanto deve ser analisada também com profundidade a sua representação como um objeto social, produto da cultura. Objetivo: verificar aspectos relacionados à apropriação da cultura nos trabalhos que analisaram hábitos de sucção de chupeta. Método: Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Cochrane e Portal da CAPES, e selecionados artigos datados de 2002 a 2011. Resultados: Foram encontrados 26 trabalhos referentes ao hábito de sucção de chupeta, considerando os aspectos culturais. O uso de chupeta tem sido muito frequente, mesmo quando as mães receberam orientações prévias de profissionais para não ofertar a chupeta ao recém-nascido. Conclusão: Os resultados dos trabalhos pesquisados ressaltaram o processo de apropriação da cultura quando é analisado o uso da chupeta pelas crianças.AbstractIntroduction: A cultural object or phenomenon expresses the historical experience of several previous generations. The use of pacifiers by children has led to uncle debates from the biological point of view. However, the pacifier’s representation as a social object, product of culture, should also be analyzed. Objective: to verify aspects related to the cultural appropriation in the studies analyzing pacifier sucking habits. Method: The study consulted databases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane Library, and Portal CAPES, and selected articles issued between 2002 and 2011. Results: Twentysix (26) studies on pacifier sucking habits regarding cultural aspects have been found. The use of the pacifier has been very frequent, even when mothers had been advised by health care professionals not to offer pacifiers to infants. Conclusion: The results of the studies investigated highlighted the cultural appropriation process when the use of the pacifier by children is analyzed

CONHECIMENTOS SOBRE BENEFÍCIOS DO ALEITAMENTO MATERNO E DESVANTAGENS DA CHUPETA RELACIONADOS À PRÁTICA DAS MÃES AO LIDAR COM RECÉM-NASCIDOS PRÉ-TERMO

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar conhecimentos e expectativas de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) internados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) sobre aleitamento materno (AM) e uso de chupeta; e analisar sua vivência ao lidar com a necessidade de sucção nos primeiros meses. Métodos: As mães foram entrevistadas durante a internação dos recém-nascidos (RN) na UTIN e quando eles completaram seis meses de idade. Foram incluídas todas as mães com disponibilidade para participar do estudo. Os critérios de exclusão englobaram RNs com síndromes ou distúrbios neurológicos e mães com comprometimento cognitivo, depressão e usuárias de drogas. Os dados tabulados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) foram analisados por estatística descritiva e teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 62 mães inicialmente e 52 no follow-up de seis meses. As expectativas das participantes quanto à amamentação foram positivas, visto que elas relataram benefícios para mãe (90,3%) e bebê (100%), mas tiveram dificuldades para manter o aleitamento exclusivo, intr oduzindo a mamadeira (75,0%), já adquirida pela maioria (69,4%) antes do nascimento. O fato de haver chupeta no enxoval do RN (43,6%) não influenciou seu uso (p=0,820), tendo ocorrido também quando as mães não iriam ofertá-la devido às desvantagens para mãe (80,7%) e bebê (96,8%). A expectativa prévia de que a chupeta pudesse trazer benefícios para mãe e bebê não influenciou seu uso (p=0,375 e p=0,158). Conclusões: As mães demonstraram conhecimentos prévios sobre benefícios do aleitamento materno e desvantagens da chupeta; entretanto, elas modificaram sua concepção ao lidar com o bebê, recorrendo à introdução de mamadeira e chupeta

Percepciones del equipo de enfermería sobre la seguridad del paciente anciano en la tomografia cardiaca computadorizada contrastada

Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, com objetivo de compreender a percepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre segurança do idoso na administração do meio de contraste iodado. A coleta de dados foi realizada por entrevista gravada, de julho a agosto de 2012, com onze participantes, em dois centros de diagnóstico por imagem de hospitais privados de Brasília, Distrito Federal. A análise e tratamento dos dados se deram pela análise de conteúdo, emergindo a categoria segurança do idoso na realização da tomografia computadorizada cardíaca - angiotomografia coronariana. Conclui-se que a equipe de enfermagem entende que a segurança do idoso na realização do exame está associada à sua capacidade de avaliar riscos para ocorrência de reações adversas relacionadas à administração do radiofármaco, em que se entrelaçam processos, tecnologias e interações humanas, implicando práticas seguras.Descriptive study, with qualitative approach, in order to understand the perception of the nursing staff regarding the safety of elderly patients in the administration of iodinated contrast media, conducted at the diagnostic imaging centers of two private hospitals, located in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. Data were collected by technical interview of eleven participants, between July and August 2012. The analysis and processing of the data were made by means of the method of content analysis, bringing out the safety category of the elderly in the realization of cardiac computed tomography - coronarian angiography. The nursing staff understood that the safety of the elderly in the exam is associated with the ability to assess risks for adverse events related to the administration of the radiopharmaceutical, in which processes, technologies and human interactions intertwine, implying in safe practices.Estudio descriptivo, abordaje cualitativo, con objetivo de conocer la percepción del cuadro de enfermería sobre la seguridad de ancianos en la administración de medios de contraste yodados. La recolección de datos fue por medio de entrevista, de julio a agosto de 2012, con once participantes, en centros de diagnóstico por imagen de dos hospitales de Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brasil. El análisis y procesamiento de datos siguió el análisis de contenido, surgiendo la categoría seguridad de los ancianos en la realización de la tomografía cardiaca computadorizada. Se concluye que el cuadro de enfermería entiende que la seguridad de los ancianos se asocia con su capacidad de evaluar los riesgos de reacciones adversas en la administración del radiofármaco, en que se entrelazan procesos, tecnologías e interacciones humanas, lo que implica en prácticas seguras

Polymer-Nanocarbon Topological and Electronic Interface

The electronic structure of semiconducting carbon nanotubes selected through polymer functionalization is routinely verified by measuring the spectral van Hove singularity signature under ultraclean vacuum conditions. Interpreting the effect of unperturbed polymer adsorption on the nanotube energetic bands in solvent media is experimentally challenging owing to solvent molecular crowding around the hybrid complex. Here, a liquid-based scanning tunneling microscope and spectroscope operating in a noise free laboratory is used to resolve the polymer-semiconducting carbon-nanotube-underlying graphene heterostructure in the presence of encompassing solvent molecules. The spectroscopic measurements highlight the role of polymer packing and graphene landscape on the electronic shifts induced in the nanotube energy bands. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, our experimental findings emphasize the necessity of recording physicochemical and electronic properties of liquid phase solubilized hybrid materials in their native state